How do you recognize quality tiles?

# How do you recognize quality tiles ?

Recognizing quality tiles is essential to ensure the durability and aesthetics of your coatings. Several criteria can be used to evaluate this quality, including the manufacturing process, the cooking technique, the composition of the pasta and the standards in force.

# Tile manufacturing process: a rigorous and complex process

The manufacture of ceramic tiles is a meticulous process that combines traditional craftsmanship and modern technologies. This process aims to create tiles that are both aesthetic and resistant, capable of meeting the various requirements of users in terms of durability, design and functionality. Here is a detailed explanation of the steps that lead to the creation of quality tiles.

1. Selection and preparation of raw materials
It all starts with the choice of raw materials, mainly clays, kaolins, feldspars and silica. These materials are selected for their specific physical and chemical properties, which determine the final quality of the tile. Clays provide the plasticity necessary for shaping, while feldspars and silica promote the vitrification of the tile during firing.

These raw materials are crushed and mixed with water to form a homogeneous paste. This step, called "slurry", is crucial to remove impurities and ensure a uniform consistency. The slip is then dehydrated to obtain a fine powder, ready for pressing.

2. Shaping: giving shape to the tiles
The resulting powder is compressed under high pressure to form tiles. This process, called "isostatic pressing", ensures a uniform density and a solid structure. Modern presses can exert a pressure of up to 500 tons, which gives the tiles increased strength.

For some types of tiles, such as full-body porcelain stoneware, pressing may include additional techniques, such as adding pigments directly to the paste to create patterns that are integrated into the material.

3. Drying: preparation for cooking
Shaped tiles still contain a significant amount of water. Controlled drying is therefore necessary to avoid cracking or deformation during firing. The tiles are passed through hot air dryers where the humidity is reduced to a minimum level, making the material more stable.

4. Cooking: a key element of quality
Firing is the decisive step for the quality of the tiles. The tiles are fired in tunnel kilns at a temperature of up to 1,200 to 1,400 °C, depending on the type of ceramic. This step results in vitrification, where the siliceous components are transformed into a glassy phase, making the tile hard, waterproof and resistant.

For full-body porcelain stoneware tiles, this unique firing is sufficient to produce a homogeneous and highly resistant finished product. On the other hand, for glazed tiles, a second firing is necessary after the application of the glaze.

5. Enameling (optional): add an aesthetic finish
Glazing is a step where a layer of liquid glass is applied to the surface of the tiles. This coating can be transparent, colored, matt or glossy, depending on the desired effect. The glaze also protects the surface of the tile from stains and wear, while adding an aesthetic dimension.

The glazed tiles are then fired a second time to fix the glaze and reinforce the surface. This extra cooking improves resistance to external aggression, making it a popular choice for indoor applications.

6. Finishing and quality control
Once fired, tiles go through finishing steps, such as polishing, cutting or adding decorative patterns. Each tile is then inspected to ensure that it meets quality standards. Tests include checks for flatness, mechanical strength, water absorption and dimensional consistency.

Tiles that pass these controls are packed and shipped for distribution. Those with defects can be recycled in the manufacturing process or used for secondary applications.

# Full-body baking : a high-performance manufacturing technique 

Full-body firing, often associated with porcelain stoneware, is a manufacturing method that stands out for its quality and performance. Unlike glazed tiles, full-body firing means that the entire tile is made of a single material, with no topcoat applied after firing. This homogeneity gives the tile exceptional properties in terms of resistance and durability.

A unique process

The process begins with the pressing of the ceramic paste, which consists of a carefully dosed mixture of clays, feldspars, kaolin and silica. Once shaped, the tiles are fired at extremely high temperatures, usually between 1,200 °C and 1,400 °C. At this temperature, the silica components of the paste vitrify entirely, creating a dense and compact structure. It is this vitrification phenomenon that gives full-body porcelain stoneware its low porosity and exceptional strength.

Unlike glazed tiles, where the color and patterns are only on the surface, full-body tiles have shades and patterns integrated directly into the material. This means that in the event of wear or chip, the appearance of the tile remains unchanged, as the color and design pass through its entire thickness.

Exceptional properties

Homogeneity and strength: Full-body cooking ensures uniform density and high resistance to abrasion, impact, and heavy loads. For this reason, this type of tile is often used in high-traffic areas, such as shopping malls, airports, or public spaces.
Weather durability: Full-body tiles are particularly resistant to temperature fluctuations and frost, making them ideal for outdoor applications, such as terraces or pool decks.

Easy to maintain Thanks to their low porosity, these tiles absorb virtually no water or stains, making them easy to clean and maintain. This makes them ideal for demanding environments, such as kitchens and bathrooms.

An aesthetic and functional choice

In addition to their technical performance, full-body tiles offer a sleek and modern aesthetic. Available in a wide range, including matte, satin or polished, they often realistically imitate natural materials like stone, marble or concrete. This ability to combine functionality and design makes it a popular choice for architects and interior designers.

So finally, how do you recognize quality tiles?

Choosing quality tiles can seem complex, especially when faced with the diversity of products available on the market. However, by considering certain key criteria, you can quickly assess the quality of a tile and make an informed choice.

1. Look at density and weight

Quality tiles are usually dense and heavy, a sign of high-temperature firing and a uniform composition. The denser the tile, the less porous it will be, which is essential for its durability, stain resistance and ability to withstand climatic variations.

To check :

• Take the tile in hand: a light tile can indicate a low density, which will make it less resistant.
• Tap it lightly: a clear, metallic sound is often a sign of good “sealing”.

2. Check the finishes
Finishes are an immediate visual indicator of the quality of the tiles. A quality tile has regular edges, a perfectly smooth or textured surface depending on the finish chosen, and uniformity in color and patterns. Poorly finished tiles, with imperfections or variations that are too great, are often products of lower quality.

3. Check certifications and standards
Quality tiles comply with strict standards, including EN 14411, which guarantees properties such as:

• Mechanical strength: ability to withstand heavy loads.
• Low porosity: water absorption of less than 0.5% for porcelain stoneware tiles.
• Resistance to stains and chemicals.

In France, the UPEC label (Wear, Punching, Water, Chemistry) is also an excellent indicator. Tiles are classified according to their use: for example, a tile classified U4 P3 E3 C2 is suitable for areas with high traffic and contact with water.

4. Test for wear resistance
For floor tiles, wearing resistance is essential. It is measured by the PEI (Porcelain Enamel Institute) scale, which ranges from PEI 1 (for decorative wall uses only) to PEI 5 (tiles resistant to heavy traffic in public spaces).

To test a tile on site:

• Scrape the surface with a metal object: A scratch on a low-quality tile will reveal a weak glaze.

5. Touch and observe the back of the tile
The quality of a tile can also be guessed by looking at its back. A clean, homogeneous spine with regular reliefs is often a sign of careful workmanship. A tile that is too irregular or porous on the back may be more fragile or poorly adhered during installation.

6. Learn about the manufacturing process
Tiles made using processes such as full-body baking or the use of white paste are often synonymous with quality. Ask the seller for detailed information or look for specific information on the packaging.

7. Consider the price, but with discernment
A high price does not always mean quality, but a very low price can be an indicator of economic manufacturing, often at the expense of materials and the production process. Compare prices with the warranties provided by the manufacturer to avoid unpleasant surprises.

8. Try before you buy
If possible, ask for a sample and simulate its installation. Check :

• The holding of the tile in the face of water.
• Aesthetic harmony with your environment.

By following these steps, you can confidently assess the quality of a tile and select a product that will perfectly meet your expectations, both aesthetically and functionally.